Vascular access refers to the process of inserting tubes into a major vein or artery in order to deliver medication and fluids, and monitor pressure. There are different types of vascular access devices that are used for this purpose, depending on factors such as the duration of therapy, the vascular characteristics, the prescribed treatment, and the device diameter.
One type of vascular access device is the peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC). These are short, flexible plastic tubes that are inserted through the skin at a peripheral site, such as the arm, and then extended to the superior vena cava, a large vein on the right side of the heart. PICCs are commonly used by cancer patients receiving chemotherapy to receive antibiotics and fluids, and they can stay in place for days or weeks. The insertion of a PICC line may require local or general anesthesia to reduce discomfort, and it is not suitable for use in areas of the body that are infected or burned.
Another type of vascular access device is the peripherally inserted port. This device consists of a medical-grade rubber catheter and a port attached to the catheter. The catheter is inserted into a large vein in the chest and both parts are placed under the skin. Ports are used for long-term delivery of nutrients, fluids, and antibiotics, and they can be used frequently over a period of several years without interference with daily activities. The port is hidden beneath the skin and can be located by a slight bump. Minor surgery is required to place a port.
A third type of vascular access device is the central venous access device (CVAD). These are small, flexible tubes that are inserted into large veins for patients who require frequent access to the bloodstream. CVADs offer several advantages, such as reduced repeated cannulation, long-term venous access, and reduced patient trauma from repeated injections. Vascular access devices should be placed by healthcare professionals based on the specific needs of the patient.
